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2.
Psicol. esc. educ ; 18(3): 537-546, Sep-Dec/2014. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-736103

ABSTRACT

A contaminação de crianças por chumbo tem sido objeto de investigação no âmbito da saúde pública. Neste estudo avaliou-se o desempenho acadêmico de 102 crianças do Ensino Fundamental. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: um com 34 crianças não contaminadas ou com nível inferior a 5 μg/dl e o outro, de 68 crianças, estava com nível de contaminação por chumbo no sangue entre 10 and 40 μg/dl. Para avaliação foram utilizados o Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE) e anamnese. Os resultados indicaram melhor desempenho acadêmico para o segundo grupo, com diferenças significantes em aritmética, leitura e desempenho geral. A comparação entre os sexos indicou melhor desempenho para meninas, dado coerente com a percepção dos pais na anamnese. Embora outras variáveis estejam presentes, os dados apontam prejuízos acadêmicos maiores para crianças com índices de chumbo mais altos. Esses achados requerem políticas públicas para controle da contaminação e redução dos danos em contaminados.


The lead contamination in children has been the subject of research in the field of public health. This study evaluated the academic performance of 102 children from first to fourth grade. The subjects were divided into two groups. The first group was composed of 34 children without lead poisoning or with poison at levels lower than 5 μg/dl. The second group was composed of 68 children with blood lead levels between 10 and 40 μg/dl. The instruments used to evaluate the academic performance were anamnesis and a scholarly performance test called Teste de Desempenho Escolar, TDE. The results indicated better academic performances from the second group with significant differences in arithmetic, reading and general scores. In a comparison between genders, the girls had better performances than the boys. These results were consistent with the parents’ perception in anamnesis. Although other variables were present, the data showed great academic damage for children with higher lead-poison. These outcomes require political policies to control contamination and intervention in this population.


La contaminación de niños por plomo ha sido objeto de investigación en el ámbito de la salud pública. En este estudio se evaluó el desempeño académico de 102 niños de la Enseñanza Fundamental. Los participantes fueron divididos en dos grupos: uno con 34 niños no contaminados o con nivel inferior a 5 μg/dl y el otro, de 68 niños, estaba con nivel de contaminación por plomo en la sangre entre 10 y 40 μg/dl. Para evaluación fueron utilizados el Test de Desempeño Escolar (TDE) y anamnesis. Los resultados indicaron mejor desempeño académico para el segundo grupo, con diferencias significantes en aritmética, lectura y desempeño general. La comparación entre los sexos indicó mejor desempeño para niñas, dato coherente con la percepción de los padres en la anamnesis. Aunque otras variables estén presentes, los datos apuntan perjuicios académicos mayores para niños con índices de plomo más altos. Esas descubiertas requieren políticas públicas para control de la contaminación y reducción de los daños en contaminados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/complications , Psychological Tests , Underachievement , Health Policy
3.
Int. arch. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.) ; 17(1): 41-46, Jan.-Mar. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-662524

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The effects of lead on children's health have been widely studied. Aim: To analyze the correlation between the long latency auditory evoked potential N2 and cognitive P3 with the level of lead poisoning in Brazilian children. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated 20 children ranging in age from 7 to 14 years at the time of audiological and electrophysiological evaluations. We performed periodic surveys of the lead concentration in the blood and basic audiological evaluations. Furthermore, we studied the auditory evoked potential long latency N2 and cognitive P3 by analyzing the absolute latency of the N2 and P3 potentials and the P3 amplitude recorded at Cz. At the time of audiological and electrophysiological evaluations, the average concentration of lead in the blood was less than 10 ug/dL. Results: In conventional audiologic evaluations, all children had hearing thresholds below 20 dBHL for the frequencies tested and normal tympanometry findings; the auditory evoked potential long latency N2 and cognitive P3 were present in 95% of children. No significant correlations were found between the blood lead concentration and latency (p = 0.821) or amplitude (p = 0.411) of the P3 potential. However, the latency of the N2 potential increased with the concentration of lead in the blood, with a significant correlation (p = 0.030). Conclusion: Among Brazilian children with low lead exposure, a significant correlation was found between blood lead levels and the average latency of the auditory evoked potential long latency N2; however, a significant correlation was not observed for the amplitude and latency of the cognitive potential P3...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Lead/toxicity , Cognition/radiation effects , Electrophysiology , Environmental Exposure , Evoked Potentials, Auditory , Threshold Limit Values , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood
4.
Arq. int. otorrinolaringol. (Impr.) ; 16(1): 39-43, fev.-mar. 2012. tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-620548

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: A contaminação por chumbo afeta todos os sistemas do corpo humano, principalmente o sistema nervoso. OBJETIVO: Investigar se há correlação entre o nível de plumbemia e o desempenho em testes do processamento auditivo. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo. 73 crianças, com idade entre 7 a 15 anos, residentes em uma área onde houve emissão de partículas de chumbo acima do permitido, com nível de plumbemia maior ou igual a 10 microgramas/dL, exames audiológicos (audiometria e timpanometria) dentro dos padrões de normalidade. Para avaliar o processamento auditivo foram utilizados o Teste de Fusão Auditiva-Revisado (AFT-R), subteste 1, e o Teste Dicótico de Dígitos (etapa de integração binaural). Foi utilizado o teste de Spearman para verificar a correlação entre os dados. RESULTADOS: O nível de plumbemia variou de 10 a 30,2microgamas/dL, sendo a média correspondente a 15,8 microgramas/dL (desvio-padrão de 4,8). Dessas crianças, 60,3% apresentaram desempenho ruim no teste AFT-R, ou seja, resultados superiores a 60ms. Quanto ao Teste Dicótico de Dígitos, 46,2% das crianças apresentaram desempenho ruim para a orelha direita e 67,3% apresentaram desempenho ruim na orelha esquerda. Conforme o resultado do teste de correlação de Spearman, não houve significância estatística entre o nível de chumbo e os resultados dos testes do processamento auditivo. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve correlação entre o nível de plumbemia e o desempenho nas habilidades do processamento auditivo, entretanto crianças contaminadas pelo chumbo apresentaram desempenho inferior nas habilidades do processamento auditivo.


INTRODUCTION: The contamination by lead affects all the nervous systems from the human body, mostly the nervous system. OBJECTIVE: Investigate if there is correlation between the blood lead levels and the performance in tests of hearing process. METHOD: Retrospective study. 73 children, with ages between 7 to 15 years, residents in a area where happened emission of lead above the permitted, with level of blood lead level bigger or equal to 10 micrograms/dL, audiological exams (audiometry and tympanometry) inside the normality patterns. To evaluate the hearing process were used the Auditory Fusion Test-Revised (AFT-R), subtest 1, and the dichotic test of digits (binaural integration stage). Was used the Spearman test to verify the correlation between the data. RESULTS: The blood lead level varieties from 10 to 30,2 micrograms/dL, being the average corresponding to 15,8 micrograms/dL (standard deviation of 4,8). From those children, 60,3% presented a bad performance for the right ear and 67,3% presented a bad performance of the left ear. According to the results of the tests of correlation of Spearman, there were no significant statistical between the level of lead and the results of hearing processing tests. CONCLUSION: There were no correlation between the blood lead level and the performance in the abilities of the hearing process; however the contaminated children by the lead presented a lower performance in the abilities of the hearing processing.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Hearing , Child , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/blood , Pollution Indicators , Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences , Acoustic Impedance Tests , Aptitude Tests
5.
Gac. méd. Caracas ; 119(3): 198-207, jul.-sept. 2011. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-701648

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar una revisión de los níveles de plomo en sangre en niños venezolanos reportados en los artículos científicos publicados entre los años 1993-2996. El estudio fue del tipo documental y las bases de datos consultadas fueron PubMed/MEDLINE, EBDCO, ProQuest, Scielo, REVENCYT, FUNDACID BC UC, utilizando las palabras clave: niños, níveles de plomo en sangre, revisión, Venezuela. En total fueron recopilados 13 artículos, el 85% de estos fueron del tipo descriptivo. La mayor proporción (39%) de estudios revisados fueron clasificados como ambientales. La media de las medias de los níveles de plomo en sangre reportadas en los estudios fue de 12,61 ± 3,95% µg/dL, IC95%[10,23; 14,99 µg/dL]. En el 84,6% de las investigaciones realizadas se observaron medias de plomo en sangre en niños mayores a su límite permisible (10 µg/dL) Esta investigación podría servir de evidencia sobre los niveles de plomo observados en niños venezolanos, contribuyendo con el análisis y discusión de futuras investigaciones.


The objetive of this research was to conduct a review of blood lead levels in venezuelan children reported in the scientific articles published between the years 1993-2006. A documentary study was carried out, databases consulted were PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCO, ProQuest, Scielo, REVENCYT; FUNDACID BC UC, using key word: children, levels of blood lead, review, Venezuela. Were collected in total 13 articles, 85% of these were descriptive. The largest proportion (39%) of studies reviewed were classified as environmental. The average of the average levels of blood lead reported in the studies was 12.61 ± 3.95 µg/dL, IC95% [10.23; 14.99 µg/dL]. In the 84.6% of investigations carried out in children whit blood lead were it was observed an average of blood lead higher to the allowable limit (10 µg/dL). This research could provide evidence on the blood lead levels observed in venezuelan children, helping with the analysis and discussion of future research.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/complications , Lead Poisoning/blood , Permissible Limit of Occupational Hazards/analysis , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Neurotoxicity Syndromes/etiology
6.
Aval. psicol ; 9(3): 461-470, dez. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-591065

ABSTRACT

Este artigo investigou a relação entre o desempenho intelectual de crianças com alta e baixa plumbemia e os estilos partentais maternos. Utilizou-se o WISC-III e o IEP. Participaram do estudo 40 crianças, com idades entre 7 e 13 anos, e 40 pais, todos moradores da área de risco próximo ao local de contaminação. As crianças foram divididas em dois grupos : G1 - 20 crianças com alta plumbemia (superior a 10µg/dl); G2 - 20 crianças com baixa plumbemia (inferior a 10µg/dl). Os resultados apontaram prejuízos no WISC-III para as crianças com Pb-S superior a 10µg/dl e predomínio de práticas educativas negativas foi encontrado em ambos os grupos, com significância estatística ao nível de 5%. Tais resultados sugerem que um ambiente com fontes de estimulação pode minimizar os prejuízos causados pela contaminação, sendo que as práticas educativas dos pais poderiam contribuir, tendo uma influência moduladora dos efeitos do chumbo.


This study investigated the children's intellectual development with high and low blood lead level with the parenting styles in the respective interactions with these children. The WISC-III and IEP (Parenting Styles Inventory) were used. Were studied 40 children , with ages among 7 to 13 years old, and 40 parents, who lived in a risk spot near the contamination area. The children were divided into two groups: G1 - 20 children with blood lead level above 10µg/dl; and G2 - 20 children with blood lead level lower than 10µg/dl. The results indicated damages on WISC-III for the children with Pb-S than 10µg/dl and prevalence of practices educational negatives were found in both groups, with statistical diffence (5%). The environmental stimulation can minimize the damages caused by the lead poisoning, and the parent's positive educative practice can contribute as modulator of the lead's effect.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Child Development , Cognition , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/psychology , Parent-Child Relations , Wechsler Scales
7.
Armaghane-danesh. 2010; 15 (1): 47-55
in Persian | IMEMR | ID: emr-105181

ABSTRACT

Numerous observations in clinical and preclinical studies indicate that the developing brain is particularly sensitive to lead [PB]'s pernicious effects. The effects of low concentrations of lead on neurodevelopment are complicated. Lead acetate can disrupt both the CNS activity and neurons development. The present study was carried out to assess the effect of low level lead exposure on learning and memory by active avoidance learning. This experimental study was conducted at the Islamic Azad University of Parand in 2008. Eight groups of NMRI rats [9 rats in each group] [weight 220 +/- 30 gr] consisting of six experimental groups [3 after infancy and 3 adult groups] were exposed to low concentrations of lead for 45 days. The drinking water of the experimental groups was replaced by 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% of lead acetate solution whereas the two control groups received distilled water. The results were analyzed using the SPSS software and student t-test. In this study, the learning and memory tests showed no significant differences between experimental groups [infancy and adulthood] and infancy control and adult control in number of shocks for 0.05% concentration of lead acetate. The memory test showed an increase in number of shocks for 0.1% and 0.2% concentration of lead acetate in adult groups and an increase in number of shocks for 0.2% concentration of lead acetate in infancy groups [P<0.05]. The learning test showed an increase in number of shocks for 0.2% concentration of lead acetate in infancy groups [P<0.05]. Mechanisms of lead poisoning in the CNS are not clear; and it as been suggested that lead exposure during life alters the granule cell neurogenesis and morphology in the hippocampus of infant or young adult rats


Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood , Learning/drug effects , Memory Disorders/chemically induced , Organometallic Compounds/poisoning , Neurogenesis , Weaning , Rats , Behavior, Animal
8.
Indian Pediatr ; 2009 Sept; 46(9): 791-793
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-144177

ABSTRACT

Lead levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in umbilical cord blood samples of 205 consecutively born neonates and venous blood in 62 of the mothers. The mean (± SD) cord blood lead level was 4.7 ± 12.1 µg/dL. In the sub sample of 62 mother-baby pairs, the mean (± SD) cord blood lead levels were 1.6 ± 2.5 µg/dL and 2.0 ± 2.1 µg/dL, respectively. According to CDC risk categories, 92% babies were in Class I of which 87% had lead levels below 5 µg/dL. The mean (± SD) birthweight in <5 µg/dL category was 2640 ± 445 grams as compared to 2617 ± 408 grams in >5 µg/dL category. The mean (± SD) gestational ages were 39.1 ± 2.0 weeks and 38.1±2.0 weeks, respectively in the two groups (P=0.014). On multivariate linear analysis, lower gestational age significantly correlated with higher cord blood lead level.


Subject(s)
Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Fetal Blood/chemistry , Humans , India , Infant, Newborn , Lead/blood , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/blood , Male , Spectrophotometry, Atomic , Umbilical Cord/blood
9.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 26(3): 266-275, set. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-528721

ABSTRACT

Lead-induced neurotoxicity acquired by low-level long-term exposure has special relevance for children. A plethora of recent reports has demonstrated a direct link between low-level lead exposure and deficits in the neurobehavioral-cognitive performance manifested from childhood through adolescence. In many studies, aggressiveness and delinquency have also been suggested as symptoms of lead poisoning. Several environmental, occupational and domestic sources of contaminant lead and consequent health risks are largely identified and understood, but the occurrences of lead poisoning remain numerous. There is an urgent need for public health policies to prevent lead poisoning so as to reduce individual and societal damages and losses. In this paper we describe unsuspected sources of contaminant lead, discuss the economic losses and urban violence possibly associated with lead contamination and review the molecular basis of lead-induced neurotoxicity, emphasizing its effects on the social behavior, delinquency and IQ of children and adolescents.


La neurotoxicidad adquirida inducida por la exposición prolongada a bajos niveles de plomo tiene una importancia especial en los niños. Una plétora de publicaciones recientes ha demostrado el vínculo directo existente entre la exposición a bajos niveles de plomo y el déficit en el desempeño neuroconductual-cognitivo manifestado desde la infancia hasta el final de la adolescencia. En numerosos estudios, la agresividad y la delincuencia juvenil también se han considerado síntomas de la intoxicación por plomo. Se han identificado y explicado ampliamente varias fuentes ambientales, laborales y domésticas de contaminación por plomo y los riesgos resultantes para la salud, pero aún son numerosos los casos de intoxicación por plomo. Se necesitan urgentes políticas de salud pública para prevenir la intoxicación por plomo de manera de reducir los daños y las pérdidas, tanto individuales como para la sociedad. En este artículo se describen algunas fuentes no sospechadas de contaminación por plomo y se discuten las pérdidas económicas y la violencia urbana posiblemente asociada con este tipo de contaminación. Además, se hace una revisión de las bases moleculares de la neurotoxicidad inducida por plomo, con énfasis en sus efectos sobre el comportamiento social, la delincuencia juvenil y el coeficiente intelectual de los niños y los adolescentes.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Humans , Aggression/drug effects , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/etiology , Child Behavior/drug effects , Lead Poisoning/complications , Lead Poisoning/psychology , Public Health
10.
Medicina (Ribeiräo Preto) ; 42(3): 337-340, jul.-set. 2009.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-559358

ABSTRACT

O plumbismo é um problema de saúde pública, afetando o desenvolvimento das crianças. O sistema hematológico é um alvo importante da toxicidade do chumbo, comprometendo a síntese do heme e consequentemente causando anemia. Os efeitos sobre o ácido δ-amino levulínico de hidratase (ALAD)são mais marcantes provocando o acúmulo de ácido δ-amino levulínico (ALA) e o aumento do ácido gama aminobutírico (GABA) no sistema nervoso central. A intoxicação do chumbo afeta também a síntese das cadeias globulínicas α e β, o que contribui para o desenvolvimento da anemia. A anemia não é uma manifestação precoce do plumbismo, sendo evidente quando os níveis de chumbo estão elevados por períodos prolongados. A anemia geralmente é anemia hipocrômica normocítica, embora microcitose seja comumente observada, com presença de pontilhado basófilo nos eritrócitos. Recentemente, foi observada maior susceptibilidade ao plumbismo em crianças com deficiência de ferro, sendo sugerido que o ferro é capaz de competir com o chumbo inibindo sua ligação com a proteína transportadora DMT1 (Divalent Metal Transporter1). Na coexistência de deficiência de ferro e intoxicação por chumbo, a anemia é mais severa, com acentuado grau de microcitose e hipocromia, sendo recomendado suplementação de ferro para crianças com risco de intoxicação por chumbo.


The plumbism is a public health problem, affecting the development the children. The hematologic system is a target important from lead poisoning, engaging the heme synthesis causing anemia. The effects above the δ-aminolevulinate acid dehidrathase (ALAD) are very marking causing the accumulationof δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and the increase of γ-acid aminobutyric (GABA) in the nervous system central. The exacerbate lead toxicity demonstrated affect also the synthesis the globulins chains α and β, the one to contributory about to the development from anemia. The anemia isn’t a manifestation precocious of the plumbism, being clear when the levels of lead elevated for prolonged periods. The anemia generally is hypochromic normocytic, the microcytosis may be commonly observed, with presence of basophilic stippling in the erythocytes. Recently, was observed greater susceptibility the plumbism in the children with iron deficiency, being suggested by what the iron is capable of competed with the lead, inhibiting the binding with the transport protein DMT1 (Divalent Metal Transporter 1). In the co-existence of iron deficiency and lead poisoning, the anemia is very severe, with accented degree of microcytosis and hypochromia, being recommended iron supplementation to children with risk of lead poisoning.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Anemia , Heme , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood
11.
Medicina (Ribeiräo Preto) ; 42(3): 287-290, jul.-set. 2009.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-559351

ABSTRACT

No presente trabalho procedeu-se à revisão de literatura dos efeitos do chumbo sobre o cérebro, com enfoque no desenvolvimento infantil. O chumbo pode permanecer no organismo durante toda a vida do indivíduo, sendo difícil a sua remoção. Não há nível estável seguro, considerando sua passagem lenta dos ossos para o sangue, com aceleração em condições como na gravidez. Há evidências de que o cérebro imaturo é um dos mais importantes alvos, e as pesquisas apontam para consequências mais tardias, em processos cerebro degenerativos no adulto. Na infância, mesmo níveis sanguineos inferiores a 10 ?g/dL podem afetar a cognição. Estudos clínicos registram seus efeitos tóxicos na criança em idade escolar e na adolescência trazendo prejuízos motores, sensoriais, adaptativos, cognitivos e comportamentais, destacando-se a delinquência. Conclui-se, pela gravidade dos efeitos e dificuldade de tratamento, que o enfoque na orientação populacional sobre as medidas preventivas da exposição ao chumbo é prioritário.


This work is a review of the lead effects on the brain, focusing on child development. Lead can remain in the body throughout the life, being difficulty its removal, and there is no safe stable level, considering its slow passage of the bones for blood, but acceleration in moments such as pregnancy. There is evidence that the immature brain is one of the most important targets. Surveys point to later consequence in adult life, as the degenerative brain disease. In the childhood, even blood levels under 10 ?g/dL may affect cognition. Clinical studies record their toxic effects in childhood and adolescence, bringing motor, sensory, adaptive, cognitive and behavioral losses, highlighting the crime itself. It is due to the severe effects on the developing nervous system and treatment difficulties, that the priority is the population guidance on the preventive measures of exposure to lead.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Child Development , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood , Nervous System/physiopathology
12.
Medicina (Ribeiräo Preto) ; 42(3): 278-286, jul.-set. 2009.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-559350

ABSTRACT

O chumbo não participa de nenhum passo ou função metabólica essencial ao ser humano. Ao mesmo tempo é o metal não ferroso mais manipulado industrialmente pelo homem desde a antiguidade, o que tem levado à uma contaminação extensa do meio ambiente desde então, proporcionando ainda hoje um aporte regular excessivo desse metal através da ingestão e inalação. Nesta revisão são discutidos aspectos de cinética e dinâmica do chumbo na forma inorgânica, por ser a forma mais comum de apresentação ocupacional e no meio ambiente. Por ser um elemento metálico o chumbo não sofre biotransformação enzimática. O seu “metabolismo” restringe-se a um cinética de distribuição e excreção bastante complexa que, por sua vez, depende da forma química ingerida ou inalada, que definirá seu potencial de oxi-redução e ionização, ligação a proteínas, e passagem por membranas e barreiras, além do acúmulo tecidual e excreção renal. Adultos absorvem até 10% do que é ingerido, em contraste com a taxa das crianças que pode chegar a 50%. Distribui-se fácil e rapidamente por todos os tecidos, além de passar a barreira encefálica e a placentária, sendo secretado no leite materno. As meias vidas de eliminação de chumbo do organismo, conforme o compartimento, podem ser resumidas da seguinte forma: sangue = 25 a 30 dias (em crianças sob exposição ambiental a baixas doses = 10 a 12meses); tecidos moles em geral = 60 dias; osso trabecular = 90 a 120 dias; osso cortical com depósitos estáveis = 25 a 30 anos. Tem ações tóxicas no sistema nervoso central, periférico, renal e hematopoiético principalmente, através de mecanismos que são discutidos no artigo.


Lead does not participate in any metabolic process in humans. Nevertheless, it is the most importantn on ferrous metal in industry since ancient times. This fact promoted a huge and extensive environmental contamination, allowing for an excessive input of lead by humans through ingestion and inhalation. In this review it is discussed aspects of kinetics and toxicity of lead in its inorganic form, being the most important chemical form presenting in occupational and general environment. As a metal, lead does not suffer biotransformation as other toxic substances. Its metabolism is limited to a complex kinetics of distribution and excretion which depends on its chemical speciation, determining the redox potential, rates of ionization and protein binding; crossing of blood brain and placental barriers; rates of tissue accumulation and renal excretion. Adults absorb 10% after lead ingestion, contrasting with children that can absorb 50%. Lead is distributed rapidly and easily through all tissues, including brain, crossing placental barrier and being secreted in maternal milk. Elimination half lifes can be very different according to the body compartment as follows: for blood = 15 to 30 days (in children under low doses of exposure = 10 to 12 months); soft tissues in general = 60 days; trabecular bone = 90 to 120 days; cortical bone with stable deposits = 25 to 30 years. Lead presents toxic action in the central and peripheral nervous system, renal and hemopoietic systems, by toxic mechanisms that are discussed in the paper.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Lead/metabolism , Lead/toxicity , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Adult , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood
13.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 107(4): 300-306, ago. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-531947

ABSTRACT

La exposición ambiental al plomoconstituye un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo y los niños son más vulnerables a sus efectos tóxicos. Numerosas publicaciones demuestran que la deficiencia de hierro y la intoxicación por plomo pueden asociarse, pero en la Argentina los estudios publicados sobre poblaciónpediátrica son escasos. Nuestro objetivofue establecer la plumbemia en niños y determinar su relación con la deficiencia de hierro y con factores de exposición.Población, material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 93 niños (6 meses-5 años) que concurrieron al Hospital de Niños de La Plata para controles de salud. Se aplicó una encuesta socioambientaly se determinaron las concentracionesde plomo, hemoglobina y ferritina en sangre.Resultados. La media geométrica de plomo en sangre fue 4,26 μg/dl (IC 95 por ciento: 3,60-5,03), conuna prevalencia de plumbemias ≥ 10 μg/dl de 10,8 por ciento. Se encontraron concentraciones de plomomás elevadas en los niños en cuyos hogares se desarrollaban actividades contaminantes (6,74 contra 3,78 μg/dl; p= 0,005) y en quienes habitabanen viviendas precarias (5,68 contra 3,71μg/dl; p= 0,020). Las plumbemias ≥ 10 μg/dl se asociaron significativamente con la deficiencia de hierro (OR: 5,7; IC 95 por ciento: 1,34-23,41) y conla actividad domiciliaria contaminante (OR: 4,8 IC 95 por ciento: 1,12-20,16).Conclusión. La prevalencia de plumbemias ≥ 10 μg/dl es preocupante en la población estudiada.Los factores de riesgo asociados a dichas concentraciones fueron la deficiencia de hierro y el desarrollo en el hogar de actividades relacionadascon la manipulación de plomo


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Iron Deficiencies/etiology , Environmental Pollution , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/complications , Lead/toxicity , Hazardous Substances/toxicity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Random Allocation
14.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 137(8): 1037-1044, ago. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-531994

ABSTRACT

Background: In 1996 there was a massive lead poisoning in a southern rural community in Chile. The contamination source was a mill whose grinding stone was repaired with lead and contaminated the flour. Aim: To assess the presence of sequelae ten years later, among subjects that were exposed to lead on that occasion. Material and methods: Cross sectional study of 77 individuals (47 males), aged 10 to 25 years, that were exposed to lead in 1996 and were treated with EDTA. Results: Twenty one percent of subjects had a subnormal intellingence quotient (IQ). The risk of having a low IQ was significantly higher among those exposed before the age of six years. IQ was significantly lower among subjects that, immediately after the exposure, had a lead level over 48 fig/dl, compared with those that had a lead level below 43 fig/dl (86.7±7.3 and 93±11.6 respectively). No subjects with high blood pressure or evidences of nephrotoxicity were detected. Conclusions: Subjects aged ¡ess than six years at the moment of lead exposure had a lower IQ when assessed ten years later.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Intelligence/physiology , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/complications , Chile , Cognition Disorders/chemically induced , Cross-Sectional Studies , Young Adult
15.
Rev. peru. epidemiol. (Online) ; 13(2)2009. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-619913

ABSTRACT

La intoxicación plúmbica crónica por exposición ambiental constituye un problema de salud pública en Perú, Latinoamérica y a nivel mundial, por sus efectos en la calidad de vida de las personas, particularmente de los niños expuestos. En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión de la intoxicación plúmbica crónica y la problemática asociada en Perú. Se revisa las principales fuentes de exposición al plomo, su dinámica en el organismo, sus efectos por aparatos y sistemas, las manifestaciones clínicas, de laboratorio, tratamiento, así como estudios realizados por instituciones nacionales y extranjeras.


Chronic lead poisoning by environmental exposure has become a public health problem in Peru, Latin America and worldwide because of its effects on quality of life of people, particularly children. In this article we review chronic lead poisoning and related problems in Peru. We review the major sources of lead exposure, pharmacodynamics, and effects on organ systems, clinic and laboratory manifestations, treatment, and studies developed by national and international organizations.


Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Pollution , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood , Lead Poisoning , Lead Poisoning/diagnosis , Lead Poisoning/therapy , Peru
17.
Gac. méd. Caracas ; 116(4): 307-314, oct. 2008. ilus, graf, mapas
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-630544

ABSTRACT

Se evaluo la contribucion de factores ambientales a la concentracion de plomo en sangre en niños de edad escolar del sector Michelena en Valencia, Venezuela. Participaron 60 niños (4-9 anos). Se determinaron niveles de plomo en sangre de los niños, niveles de plomo en agua de grifo y polvo de piso de sus casas. Los resultados obtenidos revelan que el 76,2 por ciento de las casas muestreadas presentaron niveles de plomo en agua en grifo significativamente superiores a los límites recomendados por la legislacion venezolana (35±25,5 µg/L), y otros organismos internacionales. Además, se observó que el 66,7 por ciento de los niños evaluados, presentaron concentraciones de plomo en sangre superiores (10,5±3,0 µg/dL) a lo establecido por el Centro de control y prevención de enfermedades de Estados Unidos. En relacion al polvo, el estudio no demostro una correlacion entre los niveles de plomo en sangre de los niños y el contenido del plomo en polvo de piso de sus hogares (r=0,101; P=0,445). Los resultados de este estudio son relevantes, a fin de tomar medidas preventivas para el cuidado de la salud. Se sugieren estudios posteriores para determinar de forma más concluyente los principales predictores de niveles elevados de plomo en sangre en la población investigada


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Environmental Pollution , Respiratory Tract Diseases/metabolism , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood , Lead/blood , Dust , Metals/poisoning , Statistics, Nonparametric , Venezuela/epidemiology
18.
Interaçao psicol ; 11(2): 269-279, jul.-dez. 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-533154

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho pretendeu investigar por meio do Inventário Portage Operacionalizado, o desenvolvimento geral e as áreas em defasagem de 60 crianças de um a cinco anos de idade, com nível de contaminação por chumbo no sangue superior a 10ug/dl. Foram avaliadas 15 de cada faixa etária: 1 a 2, 2 a 3, 3 a 4 e 4 a 5 anos com índices de contaminação por chumbo até 45,40ug/dl. Os resultados obtidos mostram que em desenvolvimento geral não se observou defasagens importantes. A análise das áreas específicas mostrou que as crianças, independente da faixa etária, apresentaram defasagens importantes em Cognição e Linguagem. Em Cognição, considerando o nível de chumbo no sangue, o resultado foi estatisticamente significante para a faixa de dois a três anos de idade. Os dados mostraram que o desempenho em Cognição piora enquanto o de Linguagem melhora com a idade. Em Linguagem observaram-se mais crianças com defasagem no nível mais alto de contaminação por chumbo do que em Cognição. O número reduzido de crianças e a ausência dos dados do grupo de controle impedem a afirmação de que os resultados observados, ainda que coerentes com a literatura, devem-se somente aos efeitos da contaminação por chumbo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child Development , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/diagnosis
19.
Biofarbo ; 15(15): 67-72, dic. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-507157

ABSTRACT

Estudios epidemiológicos demostraron que la exposición ocupacional o accidental al plomo está asociada con mayor incidencia a tumores renales y cancer de pulmon y estómago. estudios in vivo mostraron un aumento de aberraciones cromosómicas y frecuencia de intercambio entre cromatides hermanas (ICH) en linfocitos de trabajadores expuestos a plomo, disminución de la fidelidad de la síntesis o reparación del ADN.


Subject(s)
Female , Child , Pregnancy , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/diagnosis , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System/diagnosis
20.
Ludovica pediátr ; 9(4): 109-117, sep. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-575300

ABSTRACT

La deficiencia de hierro y la intoxicación por plomo afectan el crecimiento y el desarrollo neurológico de los niños. Numerosas publicaciones demuestran que ambas situaciones pueden asociarse. Además, ambos problemas son comunes en niños menores de 5 años, de bajos recursos y sometidos a contaminación ambiental. En Argentina la información disponible es escasa.


Subject(s)
Child , Lead Poisoning , Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood
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